Abstract摘要

In mathematics, a matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and columns. The individual items in a matrix are called its elements or entries.用数学术语讲，矩阵是个矩形数组，由数字、符号或表达式组成，按行列分布。矩阵内的单个元素叫做元素或入口。

Introduction简介

In this article, we demonstrate a Java program to do almost all matrix operations like:本文代码能够实现矩阵操作，如下

• Matrix addition and subtraction加减
• Matrix multiplication矩阵乘
• Multiplying (or dividing) by a scalar和标量乘（或除）
• Finding matrix transpose矩阵转置定位
• Calculating the matrix determinant计算矩阵行列式
• Finding the inverse of a matrix矩阵倒置定位

This program works by entering one matrix, and then choosing the required operation to be applied to this matrix.输入数据，再操作。

Background背景

In order to benefit from this article, you need to know some Java basics and some matrix basics, but also we will cover some of these basics in this article.有Java基础和矩阵基础。

Algorithm算法

In this program, we deal with matrix operations, which has been mentioned upward, and the mathematical background needed is:数学背景。
1. Matrix Addition\Subtraction加减
In matrix addition (or subtraction), the two matrices should have the same number of columns and the same number of rows.
The operation is done element by element, i.e., each element in the result is equal to the sum of the two corresponding elements in the two matrices in case of matrix addition (or their difference in case of matrix subtraction).
We see then that the result is a matrix of the same dimensions also.
2. Matrix Multiplication乘
When multiplying a matrix by another, the number of columns in the first matrix must be equal to the number of rows in the second one. The number of rows of the result matrix is equal to the number of rows of first one while its number of columns is equal to that of the second one. You see, the multiplication is assumed to be done from one direction (from the right).
Any element of the result matrix is got by multiplying the elements of the rows of the first matrix by the corresponding elements of the corresponding columns of the second matrix, and summing these products up. This is called the "inner product" of two vectors (the row and the corresponding column multiplied by each other).
3. Multiplying (or dividing) by a scalar和标量乘（或除）
In multiplying (or dividing) a matrix by a scalar, the user selects the number to be multiplied (or divided) by. In this operation, the program deals with any matrix (without any restriction on the matrix dimensions) and the result matrix has the same dimensions of the input one.
The operation is done element by element, i.e., each element is equal to the multiplication (or division) of the input matrix element by the selected scalar.
4. Finding matrix transpose矩阵转置定位
To find matrix transpose, we interchange its rows and columns. This means making its first row as the first column, its second row as the second column, and so on. You see, if the original matrix is of (m x n) dimension, then the transpose is of (n x m) dimension.
5. Calculating the matrix determinant计算矩阵行列式
To calculate the value of the determinant of a matrix, we make all elements under the main diagonal equal zero, by means of a process called "Gaussian elimination". Then we calculate the determinant value by multiplying the main diagonal element by each other. Those elements are called "the pivots" of the matrix.
A restriction here on this process is that, the input matrix must be square, that is, the number of rows equals the number of columns.
6. Finding the inverse of a matrix矩阵倒置定位
In brief, the inverse of a specific matrix reverses the process of multiplication by that matrix (either from left or from right) such that the matrix multiplication of them both is equal to the unity matrix.
Two restrictions here are that, the matrix must be square, and the value of its determinant must NOT be zero.

Implementation实现

In the implementation of this program, we divide this program into 21 methods to implement the input process and choose the operations by the constructor, as the following:用21个方法来实现输入过程和构造函数内的操作选择。

Matrix ()
{
getDimension();
setElements(myMatrix,  "Fill your matrix");
ChooseOperation();
} 

Input process and this is done by two steps:输入操作有2步

• Prompting for dimensions with getDimension()method:提示维度。

private static void getDimension(); 

• Input the element of matrix with private static void setElements(double matrix [][], String title) method:输入元素

private static void setElements(double matrix [][], String title ); 

After the user enters the matrix, he will be shown a set of operations to choose from them which one he wants to perform, this is done by two steps:显示有何操作，备选

• Choosing an operation to be applied by private void ChooseOperation ()method:选择

private void ChooseOperation (); 

• The action of buttons by public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e):动作

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e);

And then, the operations are applied in the following steps:实现

• Adding two matrices by private static void matrixPlusMatrix ()method, by:添加
• prompting the user to fill a matrix with dimensions equal to the main matrix输入新
• Displaying the result on the screen显示结果

private static void matrixPlusMatrix (); 

• Subtracting matrix from matrix by private static void matrixMinusMatrix ()method, by:送
• prompting the user to fill a matrix with dimensions equal to the main matrix输入新
• Displaying the result on the screen显示结果

 

private static void matrixMinusMatrix (); 

• Multiplying two matrices by private static void multiplyByMatrix () method, by:
• Prompting the user to enter the number of columns of the other matrix, and assuming its number of rows is equal to the number of columns in the original input matrix, as it must be for right side multiplication (see the background above).
• Prompting the user to fill the multiplication matrix.
• Displaying the result on the screen.

 

private static void multiplyByMatrix (); 

• Multiplying the input matrix by a scalar by private static double [][] multliplyByScaler (double [][] matrix , double x) method, by:
• Prompting the user to enter the scalar
• Display the result on the screen

private static void guiMultliplyByScaler (); 

• Dividing the input matrix by a scalar by private static void divideByScaler ()method, by:
• Prompting the user to enter the scalar
• Displaying the result on the screen

 

private static void divideByScaler (); 

• Finding the matrix transpose with private static double [][] transporter (double [][] matrix):

private static double [][] transporter (double [][] matrix) ; 

• Calculating the matrix determinant by private static double getValue (double [][] matrix):

private static double getValue (double [][] matrix); 

• Finding the inverse matrix with void inverse() method:

private static void inverse (); 

While using this program, if you want to show the elements of your matrix, you can press on show matrix button, which depends on private static void showMatrix(double [][] matrix, String title ) method, which we use to show the result of any operation:

private static void showMatrix(double [][] matrix, String title ); 

Also for using the program with a new matrix, you need only to press on new matrix button and start using the program features.

private static void newMatrix ()
{ 
getDimension();
setElements(myMatrix, "Fill your new  matrix"); 
} 

Points of Interest关注点

• This program demonstrates a very simple program for most users.
• This program almost covers all matrix basic operations.
• This program has some smart routes which may help in reducing exceptions in mathematical operations.有精巧的处理帮助减少数学处理中的异常。